A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing. A fluid if it is at rest, practically offer no resistance to the applied shearing stress and deforms continuously. Mass density, specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity etc. are some important physical terms associated with fluids. Fluids are divided into two: ideal fluids and real fluids. Ideal fluids carry no viscosity, surface tension and compressibility. These fluids are imaginary and do not exist in nature. Real fluids possess viscosity, surface tension and compressibility. Water and air obey Newton’s law of viscosity and hence are known as Newtonian fluids. Milk, blood, liquid cement, concentrated sugar solution etc. do not obey Newton’s law of viscosity and are known as non-Newtonian liquids. Manometers are used to measure pressure of fluids. A venturimeter or an orificemeter is employed to measure discharge of fluid through a pipe.
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